A systematic review on the implementation of advanced and evolutionary biotechnological tools for efficient bioremediation of organophosphorus pesticides

Ever since the concept of bioremediation was introduced, microorganisms, microbial enzymes and plants have been used as principal elements for Organophosphate pesticide (OPP) bioremediation. The enzyme systems and genetic profile of these microbes have been studied deeply in past years. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are considered as one of the potential candidates for OPP bioremediation and has been widely used to stimulate the phytoremediation potential of plants. Constructed wetlands (CWs) in OPP biodegradation have brought new prospects to microcosm and mesocosm based remediation strategies. Application of synthetic biology has provided a new dimension to the field of OPP bioremediation by introducing concepts like, gene manipulation andediting, expression and regulation of catabolic enzymes, implementation of whole-cell based and enzyme based biosensor systems for the detection and monitoring of OPP pollution in both terrestrial and aquatic environment. System biology and bioinformatics tools have rendered significant knowledge regarding the genetic, enzymatic and biochemical aspects of microbes and plants thereby, helping researchers to analyze the mechanism of OPP biodegradation. Structural biology has provided significant conceptual information regarding OPP biodegradation pathways, structural and functional characterization of metabolites and enzymes, enzyme-pollutant interactions, etc. Therefore, this review discussed the prospects and challenges of most advanced and high throughput strategies implemented for OPP biodegradation. The review also established a comparative analysis of various bioremediation techniques and highlighted the interdependency among them. The review highly suggested the simultaneous implementation of more than one remediation strategy or a combinational approach creating an advantageous hybrid technique for OPP bioremediation.