Effect of Surface Roughness on Hydrodynamic Characteristics of an Impinging Droplet

The influence of surface roughness and impact energy on the hydrodynamic behavior of water droplets impinging upon dry and rigid surfaces of known roughness has been investigated experimentally. The influence of these two parameters on the droplet maximum spreading diameter, slip length during droplet recoil, dynamic contact angle, contact angle hysteresis, and apparent contact angle of droplets at rest has been determined. Based on the quantitative assessment, a correlation for the maximum spreading diameter in terms of the nondimensional parameter (We/Oh) and surface roughness ratio (Ra/do) was derived. We propose to use surface roughness “Ra” rather than using the contact angle for correlation as contact angles cannot be known a priori, whereas surface roughness can be determined beforehand. The wetting state of a droplet depends on the combined influence of droplet impact energy and surface roughness. While increasing impact energy increases the spreading, higher surface roughness resists the droplet from spreading. Low impact energy and a smoother surface tend toward the Cassie–Baxter wetting state, whereas high impact energy and rough surfaces propel the droplet toward the Wenzel state of wetting.