MXenes as next-generation materials for the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water

MXenes (two-dimensional transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides) have gained considerable attention in recent years as an emerging candidate for applications in various fields. MXenes have some outstanding features such as ease of functionalization, high surface area, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, activated metallic hydroxide sites, adjustable bandgap, and high metallic conductivity. MXenes has demonstrated exceptional potential as a co-catalyst for the efficient degradation of various pollutants. This article critically assesses the recent advancements in applications of MXene-based catalysts for the photocatalytic degradation of pharmaceuticals in water. The degradation of pharmaceuticals by MXenes and MXene-based composites are described in detail with emphasis on the degradation mechanism. The major challenges associated with the synthesis of MXenes and their composites and the degradation of pharmaceuticals are highlighted. Finally, recommendations for future research are made to ensure the effective applications of MXenes in water purification. • MXenes have emerged as fabulous materials for the degradation of organic pollutants. • The application potential of MXenes in the degradation of pharmaceuticals is assessed. • Degradation mechanisms and reusability performance of MXenes are evaluated. • Current challenges in the applications of MXenes as catalysts are highlighted. • Recommendations for future work are provided.