Mineralization of Soil Carbon, Nitrogen, and Phosphorus and Role of Nanofertilizers in Soil Fertility and Plant Growth

Soil functions as a vital living ecosystem that sustains plants, animals, and humans. Soil is not an inert medium, but it contains living organisms such as bacteria, fungi, and other microbes that are foundation of an elegant symbiotic ecosystem. The majority of plants live in close association with the diversity of soil microorganisms. They play an essential role in establishing symbiotic associations and thereby contributing to the growth of plant and indeed help in maintaining soil health. In the rhizosphere, a myriad of plant–microbe interactions occurs; therefore, the microorganisms that inhabit the rhizosphere are of great significance. Among a variety of soil microorganisms, the microbes such as rhizobacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi play very significant role in facilitating nutrient supply to their host plants and improve soil fertility. The use of plant materials in soil works as a conditioner and influences the carbon, phosphorus, and nitrogen cycles in soil–plant system. The process of mineralization in the soil contributes to the circulation of these nutrients, which is actually achieved by the action of saprophytic and pathogenic microorganisms. Shrinking cultivable land coupled with increasing population has created an increasing and immediate demand for new technologies. In recent era, nanofertilizers are a booming field. Nanotechnology acts as driver for modern-day smart and efficient practice. They are also helping in the maintenance of soil nutrients, stimulate plant growth, and provide resistance to disease. In the present review, a holistic view of the interaction of soil, plant, and microbes, sequestration of minerals, and role of nanotechnology in maintaining the soil health have been discussed.