Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction combined with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for multielement extraction and determination

Dispersive micro solid-phase extraction (DμSPE) is based on efficiently introducing a reduced amount of solid phase into a liquid sample. Due to its large surface area and other desirable characteristics, graphene oxide has found application in the extraction of metal ions. The main objective of the present work is to use DμSPE in the development of an analytical method for the determination of metal ions, such as Al3+, Cu2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Ti4+, Cd2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+, in liquid samples by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Taking full advantage of DμSPE combined with LIBS, graphene oxide containing metal was immobilized on agarose films and cellulose ester membranes. Calibration curves with linear ranges between 200 and 700 μg L−1 using cellulose ester membranes and between 200 and 500 μg L−1 using agarose films were obtained. Finally, the proposed method was applied on certified reference materials of drinking water (EP-H), groundwater (ES-L), and wastewater (EU-L).