Acuity-Based Allocation of ICU-Downstream Beds with Flexible Staffing

Intensive care units (ICUs) are crucial resources within hospitals, caring for the most critically ill patients. We propose a novel modeling framework that improves the outflow of ICU patients by anticipating unit interactions and resource sharing within the system. Across an arbitrary bipartite network of units, we consider two types of downstream staffing (baseline and flexible) and a two-stage decision process. In the first stage, we determine the level of flexible bed staffing using existing physical beds at downstream units in anticipation of incoming transfers from the ICUs. In the second stage, we determine the allocation of ICU patients to downstream beds. The goal of the model is to reduce inefficiencies and transfer delays causing ICU bed block due to lack of space in downstream units. We formulate a dynamic multiperiod model and analyze the dual of its (relaxed) stationary counterpart. Decomposing the relaxed stationary model into an ICU and downstream subproblems, we calculate the relative values of downstream beds and derive a practical acuity-based policy for the daily operational decisions. Using a large-scale simulation calibrated with historic hospital data, we demonstrate that our acuity-based policy reduces the number of long-run diverted ICU arrivals, particularly in high-demand scenarios, thus improving ICU throughput, when compared with a deterministic, a generalized randomized-most-idle, and static policies. History: Accepted by J. Paul Brooks, Area Editor for Applications in Biology, Medicine, & Healthcare. Funding: This work was partially supported by National Science Foundation [Grants CMMI-1635301/1635410/1635642]. Supplemental Material: The software that supports the findings of this study is available within the paper and its Supplemental Information ( https://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/suppl/10.1287/ijoc.2022.1267 ) as well as from the IJOC GitHub software repository ( https://github.com/INFORMSJoC/2021.0133 ) at ( http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7194693 ).