Central Picture: Neoadjuvant therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer.Central Message: Recent data have altered the standard of care for patients with locally advanced NSCLC.Surgeons must remain informed of this changing landscape and its implications for perioperative care.Perspective Statement: Thoracic surgeons are key members of the multidisciplinary treatment team for patients with locally advanced NSCLC.This review highlights recent changes in practice standards in regard to perioperative systemic therapy, with the goal of enabling surgeons to effectively collaborate with the multidisciplinary team to deliver optimal care for these patients.