Exploring the microscopic terrain of the small intestinal epithelium: a comprehensive overview of general architecture and the present understanding of intestinal stem cells

Abstract This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the microscopic landscape of the small intestinal epithelium, focusing on its general structure and the current state of knowledge regarding intestinal stem cells. The small intestine’s epithelial layer is intricately organized, comprising various cell types with specialized functions, including goblet cells, enterocytes, enteroendocrine cells, Paneth cells, microfold cells (M cells), and tuft cells. These cells collectively contribute to essential physiological processes such as digestion, absorption, and immune response regulation. The review delves into the role of intestinal stem cells, residing in the crypts, and their significance in maintaining tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Understanding the microscopic intricacies of the small intestinal epithelium is crucial for unraveling its physiological functions and exploring potential therapeutic avenues.