PARP12-mediated ADP-ribosylation contributes to breast cancer cell fate by regulating AKT activation and DNA-damage response

Abstract Breast cancer represents the primary cause of death of women under 65 in developed countries, due to the acquisition of multiple drug resistance mechanisms. The PI3K/AKT pathway is one of the major regulating mechanisms altered during the development of endocrine resistance and inhibition of steps in this signalling pathway are adopted as a key strategy to overcome this issue. ADP-ribosylation is a post-translational modification catalysed by PARP enzymes that regulates essential cellular processes, often altered in diseases. PARP12, a member of this family, has been associated with the onset of drug resistance in oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancers, making this enzyme a promising drug target. The molecular basis underlying its involvement in the acquisition of resistance are unknown to date. Here, we demonstrate that PARP12-mediated mono-ADP-ribosylation of AKT is required for AKT activation whilst the absence of PARP12 leads to apoptosis induction in a subset of oestrogen receptor-positive breast cancer cells. Our data show that transcriptional inhibition of PARP12 correlates with an increased DNA-damage induction, mirrored by augmented p53 nuclear localisation and enhanced p53-AKT interaction. Under these conditions, AKT is functionally incompetent towards its downstream targets FOXO, hence favouring cell death. This is achieved by increasing protein levels of the FOXO1 transcription factor, that in turn activates the apoptotic cascade. Overall, we show a novel regulation step of AKT activation and apoptosis relying on PARP12-mediated mono-ADP-ribosylation and propose PARP12 as a potential pharmacological target to be exploited as an innovative therapeutical strategy to overcome endocrine resistance.