On the crystal structures and phase transitions of hydrates in the binary dimethyl sulfoxide–water system

Neutron powder diffraction data have been collected from a series of flash-frozen aqueous solutions of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with concentrations between 25 and 66.7 mol% DMSO. These reveal the existence of three stoichiometric hydrates, which crystallize on warming between 175 and 195 K. DMSO trihydrate crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c, with unit-cell parameters at 195 K of a = 10.26619 (3), b = 7.01113 (2), c = 10.06897 (3) Å, β = 101.5030 (2)° and V = 710.183 (3) Å3 (Z = 4). Two of the symmetry-inequivalent water molecules form a sheet of tiled four- and eight-sided rings; the DMSO molecules are sandwiched between these sheets and linked along the b axis by the third water molecule to generate water-DMSO-water tapes. Two different polymorphs of DMSO dihydrate have been identified. The α phase is monoclinic (space group P21/c), with unit-cell parameters at 175 K of a = 6.30304 (4), b = 9.05700 (5), c = 11.22013 (7) Å, β = 105.9691 (4)° and V = 615.802 (4) Å3 (Z = 4). Its structure contains water-DMSO-water chains, but these are polymerized in such a manner as to form sheets of reniform eight-sided rings, with the methyl groups extending on either side of the sheet. On warming above 198 K, α-DMSO·2H2O undergoes a solid-state transformation to a mixture of DMSO·3H2O + anhydrous DMSO, and there is then a stable eutectic between these two phases at ∼203 K. The β-phase of DMSO dihydrate has been observed in a rapidly frozen eutectic melt and in very DMSO-rich mixtures. It is observed to be unstable with respect to the α-phase; above ∼180 K, β-DMSO·2H2O converts irreversibly to α-DMSO·2H2O. At 175 K, the lattice parameters of β-DMSO·2H2O are a = 6.17448 (10), b = 11.61635 (16), c = 8.66530 (12) Å, β = 101.663 (1)° and V = 608.684 (10) Å3 (Z = 4), hence this polymorph is just 1.16% denser than the α-phase under identical conditions. Like the other two hydrates, the space group appears likely, on the basis of systematic absences, to be P21/c, but the structure has not yet been determined. Our results reconcile 60 years of contradictory interpretations of the phase relations in the binary DMSO-water system, particularly between mole fractions of 0.25-0.50, and confirm empirical and theoretical studies of the liquid structure around the eutectic composition (33.33 mol% DMSO).