Mechanical properties of monolayer GaS and GaSe crystals

The mechanical properties of monolayer GaS and GaSe crystals are investigated in terms of their elastic constants: in-plane stiffness (C), Poisson ratio $(\ensuremath{\nu})$, and ultimate strength $({\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{U})$ by means of first-principles calculations. The calculated elastic constants are compared with those of graphene and monolayer ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$. Our results indicate that monolayer GaS is a stiffer material than monolayer GaSe crystals due to the more ionic character of the Ga-S bonds than the Ga-Se bonds. Although their Poisson ratio values are very close to each other, 0.26 and 0.25 for GaS and GaSe, respectively, monolayer GaS is a stronger material than monolayer GaSe due to its slightly higher ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{U}$ value. However, GaS and GaSe crystals are found to be more ductile and flexible materials than graphene and ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$. We have also analyzed the band-gap response of GaS and GaSe monolayers to biaxial tensile strain and predicted a semiconductor-metal crossover after $17%$ and $14%$ applied strain, respectively, for monolayer GaS and GaSe. In addition, we investigated how the mechanical properties are affected by charging. We found that the flexibility of single layer GaS and GaSe displays a sharp increase under $0.1e$/cell charging due to the repulsive interactions between extra charges located on chalcogen atoms. These charging-controllable mechanical properties of single layers of GaS and GaSe can be of potential use for electromechanical applications.