Miniaturized photoacoustic microscope for multi-segmental spinal cord imaging in freely moving mice

Long-term and non-narcotic hemodynamic imaging is indispensable for observing factual physiological information of the spinal cord. Unfortunately, achieving label-free, high-resolution, and widefield spinal cord imaging for mice under freely moving conditions is challenging. In this study, we developed a miniaturized photoacoustic microscope along with a corresponding photoacoustic spinal window to realize high-resolution, multi-segmental hemodynamic imaging of the spinal cord for freely moving mice. The microscope has an outer size of 32 mm × 23 mm × 10 mm, a weight of 5.8 g, and a 4.4 µm lateral resolution within an effective field of view (FOV) of 2.6 mm × 1.8 mm. To eliminate the off-focus phenomena during spinal imaging, the microscope is equipped with a miniature motor to adapt the focal plane. Besides, the microscope is slidable along a customized rail on the window to expand the FOV. We evaluated the stability of the microscope and analyzed vascular images of the spinal cord under various physiological states. The results suggest that the microscope is capable of performing stable, multi-segmental spinal cord imaging in freely moving mice, offering new insights into spinal cord hemodynamics and neurovascular coupling research.