A comprehensive review of flue gas desulphurized gypsum: Production, properties, and applications

Flue Gas Desulphurized Gypsum (FGDG) is a by-product generated by the thermal power industry to remove sulfur dioxide (SO2) from flue gas emissions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of flue gas desulphurized (FGD) gypsum production, property, and applications in the construction industry. In 2020, global FGD gypsum production reached an estimated 255 million tons, primarily in Asia (55%), followed by Europe (22%), North America (18%), and the rest of the world (5%). The paper discusses the chemical and physical properties of FGD gypsum, including its composition, crystal structure, particle size, and moisture content. It also reviews the various applications of FGD gypsum, such as in cement and concrete production, agriculture, and gypsum board manufacturing. In the construction industry, FGD gypsum is widely used as a raw material for producing gypsum products, such as plasterboard and cement, due to its high purity and low cost. Moreover, FGD gypsum is increasingly used in agriculture as a soil amendment, which can improve soil structure, increase water retention, and provide essential nutrients to plants. The potential for FGD gypsum to be reused and recycled is also discussed, as well as its environmental impact. FGD gypsum can be safely disposed of in landfills or used for backfilling, with appropriate measures to prevent the leaching of heavy metals and other contaminants. It also delves into the potential benefits of FGD gypsum for improving fire resistance, and acoustic properties, and reducing material waste. With its high purity level and lower cost compared to natural gypsum, FGD gypsum is a viable alternative that can transform the construction industry. This paper also discusses its major drawbacks, such as high SO3 content, dissolution in water, and ettringite formation. This review suggests that there is potential to improve the properties of FGD gypsum further and increase its use as a sustainable construction material in the future.