Cortical gradient perturbation in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder correlates with neurotransmitter‐, cell type‐specific and chromosome‐ transcriptomic signatures

Aims This study aimed to illuminate the neuropathological landscape of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by a multiscale macro–micro‐molecular perspective from in vivo neuroimaging data. Methods The “ADHD‐200 initiative” repository provided multi‐site high‐quality resting‐state functional connectivity (rsfc‐) neuroimaging for ADHD children and matched typically developing (TD) cohort. Diffusion mapping embedding model to derive the functional connectome gradient detecting biologically plausible neural pattern was built, and the multivariate partial least square method to uncover the enrichment of neurotransmitomic, cellular and chromosomal gradient‐transcriptional signatures of AHBA enrichment and meta‐analytic decoding. Results Compared to TD, ADHD children presented connectopic cortical gradient perturbations in almost all the cognition‐involved brain macroscale networks (all p BH <0.001), but not in the brain global topology. As an intermediate phenotypic variant, such gradient perturbation was spatially enriched into distributions of GABA A/BZ and 5‐HT 2A receptors (all p BH <0.01) and co‐varied with genetic transcriptional expressions (e.g. DYDC2, ATOH7, all p BH <0.01), associated with phenotypic variants in episodic memory and emotional regulations. Enrichment models demonstrated such gradient‐transcriptional variants indicated the risk of both cell‐specific and chromosome‐ dysfunctions, especially in enriched expression of oligodendrocyte precursors and endothelial cells (all p perm <0.05) as well enrichment into chromosome 18, 19 and X (p perm <0.05). Conclusions Our findings bridged brain macroscale neuropathological patterns to microscale/cellular biological architectures for ADHD children, demonstrating the neurobiologically pathological mechanism of ADHD into the genetic and molecular variants in GABA and 5‐HT systems as well brain‐derived enrichment of specific cellular/chromosomal expressions.