Transition Metal Phosphorous Trisulfides as Cathode Materials in High Temperatures Batteries

The challenging environment of high temperature and high pressure on the Venus surface limit the battery options for Venus landers and surface probes. High temperature batteries employing Li alloy anodes, molten salt electrolytes and FeS cathodes were demonstrated to be resilient and operational for several days. For further improvements in performance, i.e., both specific energy and operational life, new high-capacity cathode materials are needed. Transition metal phosphorus trisulfides (TMPS 3 ) are promising with considerably higher (2X) specific capacity, specific energy and energy density, by virtue of their ability to react with more than two lithium ions. This papers describes the assessment of these cathodes for high temperature batteries to power future Venus landers and probes. Manganese, iron, cobalt and nickel phosphorus trisulfides were synthesized and characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDAX) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and tested in our high-temperature laboratory cells at 475 °C using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and galvanostatic discharges at different rates. Mn, Fe and Ni phosphorus trisulfides showed reversible behavior in cyclic voltammetric measurements. In the discharge tests, NiPS 3 displayed the highest capacity out of the three metal phosphorous trisulfides tested at both C/20 and C/720 rates, with higher voltages and slightly higher capacity than FeS, followed by FePS 3 , while MnPS 3 displayed relatively poor performance at C/20. Cathodes extracted from the discharged cells contain the transition metal (Fe, Ni or Mn) and Li 2 S by XRD, as expected from the reaction scheme.