Transcranial Neurostimulation (rTMS, tDCS) in the Treatment of Chronic Orofacial Pain

Although commonly seen in the clinical practice, chronic orofacial pain quite often does not have a clear unambiguous organic origin. It may be difficult to find optimal pharmacotherapy, and in many cases, this pain may become pharmacotherapy resistant. Neuromodulation, particularly with electromagnetic neurostimulation techniques, has been widely used for the treatment of different types of pharmacoresistant pain, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) exemplify readily available noninvasive neuromodulation methods. We have used rTMS and tDCS to treat pharmacoresistant chronic orofacial pain. rTMS uses an electromagnetic coil placed over the patient's head to induce electrical current impulses within the brain tissue, thereby modulating brain activity. In tDCS, an electrode placement location(s) must be chosen in accordance with the density and the time course of the current, mainly to prevent undesired pathological changes in the underlying tissue. Transcranial neuromodulation methods provide a nondestructive and reversible approach to treatment of severe and otherwise uncontrollable chronic orofacial pain. These methods may be curative – as a part of so called "reconstructive neurosurgery" stimulation of neural structures may be used as an alternative to surgical destruction of neural pathways.