In vitro inhibitory effects of glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein on human hepatic CYP2D6

Abstract Objectives Glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein are natural compounds commonly used in treating osteoarthritis. Their concomitant intake may trigger drug–natural product interactions. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) has been implicated in such interactions. Cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) is a major hepatic CYP involved in metabolism of 25% of the clinical drugs. This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of these antiarthritic compounds on CYP2D6. Methods CYP2D6 was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli . CYP2D6–antiarthritic compound interactions were studied using in vitro enzyme kinetics assay and molecular docking. Results The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based dextromethorphan O -demethylase assay was established as CYP2D6 marker. All glucosamines and chondroitins weakly inhibited CYP2D6 (IC 50 values >300 µM). Diacerein exhibited moderate inhibition with IC 50 and K i values of 34.99 and 38.27 µM, respectively. Its major metabolite, rhein displayed stronger inhibition potencies (IC 50 =26.22 μM and K i =32.27 μM). Both compounds exhibited mixed-mode of inhibition. In silico molecular dockings further supported data from the in vitro study. From in vitro – in vivo extrapolation, rhein presented an area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio of 1.5, indicating low potential to cause in vivo inhibition. Conclusions Glucosamine, chondroitin and diacerein unlikely cause clinical interaction with the drug substrates of CYP2D6. Rhein, exhibits only low potential to cause in vivo inhibition.