Photochemical Energy Conversion with Clusters

Photocatalysis may alleviate energy crises by splitting water into hydrogen fuel, converting CO 2 to value-added resources, and reducing N 2 into NH 3 . Clusters exhibit superior catalysis abilities such as unique electric properties leading from ultrasmall sizes (<10 nm). This chapter aims to offer strategies for designing high activity, selectivity, and stability clusters for photocatalysts, providing more efficient method to solve energy and environmental issues. Here, we discuss the non-noble metal, metal oxide, metal sulfide, hydroxide cluster, and other materials like metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and carbon-based materials theoretically and experimentally applied in water splitting, CO 2 reduction, and N 2 reduction. We also put forward some challenges and perspectives for cluster application in photocatalysis.