Oral infection with a periodontal pathogen alters oral and gut microbiomes

Periodontal disease, an inflammatory bone disease of the oral cavity, affects more than 50% of the United States population over the age of 30. The Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis, the etiological agent of periodontal disease, is known to induce dysbiosis of the oral microbiome while promoting inflammatory bone loss. We have recently reported that P. gingivalis can also alter the gut microbiota of mice prone to develop inflammatory atherosclerosis. However, it is still unknown whether P. gingivalis induces similar changes to the gut microbiome as it does to oral microbiome. In this study, we demonstrate that P. gingivalis infection increases the diversity of the oral microbiome, allowing for colonization of potentially opportunistic species in the oral microbiome and overgrowth of commensal species in both the oral and gut microbiomes. Since periodontal disease treatment in humans typically involves antibiotic treatment, we also examined the combined effect of P. gingivalis infection on mice pretreated with oral antibiotics. By correlating the oral and cecal microbiota of P. gingivalis-infected mice fed a normal chow diet, we identified blooms of the Gram-negative genera Barnesiella and Bacteroides and imbalances of mucin-degrading bacteria. These disrupted community structures were predicted to have increased detrimental functional capacities including increased flavonoid degradation and l-histidine fermentation. Though antibiotic pretreatment (without P. gingivlais) had a dominant impact on the cecal microbiome, P. gingivalis infection of mice with or without antibiotic pretreatment increased the abundance of the phylum Firmicutes and the Porphyromonadaceae family in the cecum. Collectively, our study demonstrates that P. gingivalis oral infection disrupted the oral and cecal microbiomes of otherwise unperturbed mice, altering their community membership and functional potential.