Human Endotoxin Administration as an Experimental Model in Drug Development

Linking human physiology to inflammatory mechanisms discovered in vitro or in animal models is essential to determine their importance. Innate immunity underlies many of these inflammatory responses in health and disease. Bacterial endotoxin is the quintessential trigger of innate immune responses. When administered to humans, endotoxin has been an important means of demonstrating key inflammatory mechanisms in vivo. Furthermore, endotoxin challenges have provided opportunities to test the effects of novel inflammation-modifying agents in humans. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2014); 96 4, 418–422. doi:10.1038/clpt.2014.146