Applications of Choline Chloride-Based Deep Eutectic Solvents as Sustainable Media and Catalyst in the Synthesis of Heterocyclic Scaffolds

Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs), also referred to as low transition temperature mixtures (LTTMs), have emerged as sustainable and cheap alternatives to conventional organic solvents in organic synthesis. This is attributed to their exceptional characteristics viz. easy preparation with readily available cheap materials, water compatibility, non-flammability, non-toxicity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, etc. All these properties label them as versatile and cost-effective green solvents. The first reported DES, choline chloride urea mixture has appeared as an innocuous solvent and catalyst in many organic transformations. This prospective DES combination has been applied extensively to the synthesis of a wide range of heterocyclic compounds including quinolones, spirooxindoles, etc. The conditions employed are relatively mild and do not require additional acid catalysts or organic solvents. This ecofriendly blend for the synthesis of heterocycles reports excellent yields of products with shorter reaction times and a simple workup procedure. Evaluating these merits, this review focuses on the recent literature published on the use of choline chloride-based DESs in the synthesis of a few important heterocyclic compounds.