Functional N-cycle genes in soil and N2O emissions in tropical grass-maize intercropping systems

There is evidence that forage grasses such as Megathyrsus and Urochloa can suppress nitrification, with direct or indirect consequences on soil inorganic N dynamics and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions. However, the influence of soil chemical properties on the dynamics of functional N-genes and losses of N in maize ( Zea mays L.) intercropped with forage grasses under N fertilization is poorly understood. In this study, soil samples and N 2 O emissions were analyzed from a field experiment in which maize (fertilized or not with ammonium-based fertilizer) was intercropped with Guinea grass ( M. maximus cv. Tanzânia), palisade grass ( U. brizantha cv. Marandu), and ruzigrass ( U. ruziziensis cv. Comum). Soil N-cycle microorganisms [16S rRNA of bacteria and archaea, nif H (gene encoding N 2 -fixing bacteria), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA), nir S (encoding nitrite reductase), and nos Z (encoding nitrous oxide reductase)] were influenced by forage grass, N fertilization, and sampling time, but no evidence of biological nitrification inhibition was found. Palisade grass was associated with a higher abundance of nif H (7.0 × 10 5 gene copies g −1 soil, on average) in the absence of N compared with the other grasses (4.3 × 10 5 gene copies g −1 soil, on average). Nitrogen fertilization increased the abundance of AOB but not AOA. Furthermore, N 2 O flux was influenced by AOB, water-filled pore space, and N fertilization, whereas the cumulative N 2 O emission and fertilizer-induced emission factor (0.36%, on average) were not affected by the grasses. In conclusion, this study reveals the strong dominance of AOB under ammonium supply, potentially stimulating N 2 O emissions in maize-forage grass intercropping systems. • We assessed the abundance of N-cycle genes and N 2 O emissions in forage grass-maize systems. • Ammonium-based fertilizer slightly increased the AOB abundance but did not affect AOA. • There was a strong influence of WFPS and AOB on N 2 O fluxes in maize intercropped with grass. • The link between N 2 O and AOB may imply that this microbial group increases N 2 O. • There is no clear evidence of biological nitrification inhibition by the forage grasses.