Review on physicochemical properties of pollutants released from fireworks: environmental and health effects and prevention

The pollutants released from fireworks may seriously deteriorate air quality and adversely impact human health. To aid in obtaining comprehensive observations and in establishing effective legislation aimed at controlling the short-term effects of fireworks, we systematically reviewed the findings of previous studies of the impact of fireworks. These studies, primarily located in Asia (>70% studies), Europe, and North America considered particle concentrations, size distribution, morphology, noise, and chemical composition (including water-soluble ions, elements, carbonaceous material, organic matter, and trace gases), along with the associated human health effects during a fireworks display. Forty-one percent of the studies suggested that the concentrations of firework particles were reported to be 1–5 times higher than the respective background values, and the mean ratios PM10/TSP, PM2.5/PM10, and PM1.0/PM2.5 were 0.64, 0.72, and 0.65, respectively. During festivals, the concentrations of SO 4 2− and K + were the highest of the water-soluble ions with the highest concentrations of K and S for major elements and CO and SO 2 for gaseous pollutants. The health effects of particles and gaseous pollutants, including metals, emitted from fireworks need further epidemiological study to aid in the prevention of health problems and for the treatment of patients. Fireworks industries should use technical innovation to reduce pollutant emissions. Emissions inventories of fireworks displays should be compiled and used in Eulerian models to forecast the spatiotemporal distribution of pollutants and to further assistant the government in establishing appropriate restriction levels and legislations that balance environmental protection with the festive spirit.