A multi-level framework for assessing the spatial equity of urban public space towards SDG 11.7.1 - a case study in Beijing

Rapid urbanization is reducing the limited urban public space available for residents to improve urban life. SDG 11.7.1 is used to assess the equity of urban public spaces, but it focuses only on the equity of public space at the city level, ignoring whether the public space resources in areas within the city match the needs of residents. Therefore, this paper proposes a multi-level framework for assessing the spatial equity of urban public space towards SDG 11.7.1. Based on this, the calculation method of SDG 11.7.1 is refined and the progress of SDG 11.7.1 is assessed at the city level. Then, the spatial equity of open public spaces (OPS) at the grid level is explored based on an improved 2SFCA model. The results show that Beijing has made rapid progress in promoting the implementation of SDG 11.7.1, but there is still a significant gap in the requirements of SDG 11.7. In addition, the spatial equity assessment results indicate significant spatial inequity in the allocation of OPS resources in Beijing. The study can provide a scientific reference for other cities to conduct quantitative measurements of SDG 11.7.1, and a scientific basis for planners and policy-makers to allocate urban OPS more rationally and equitably.