Visceral adipose tissue increases the risk of periodontal disease: Results from the 2011–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and Mendelian randomization analysis

Abstract Aim This study aimed to investigate the relationship and potential causal effect of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) on periodontal disease (PD). Despite prior research on this, there has been no definitive conclusion. Therefore, this study aimed to provide additional insight into these associations. Materials and Methods This study used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 to examine the association between VAT and PD in a cross‐sectional study design. Various analytical methods were employed, such as multivariable logistic regression, restricted cubic spline analysis, and p ‐value for trend. Additionally, two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to evaluate the potential causal effect of VAT on PD risk. These methods enabled us to evaluate the association between VAT and PD and to establish whether VAT could be a causal factor in PD development. Results The study examined a sample of 3535 participants, and the findings suggested that higher VAT levels were associated with an increased risk of PD. In addition, multivariable regression analysis conducted in six models revealed a statistically significant association between VAT and PD risk. Restricted cubic spline analysis showed an inverted U‐shaped association between VAT and PD, with a turning point at 733 g of VAT. Finally, a two‐sample MR analysis provided evidence for a potential causal relationship between VAT and PD risk, with an odds ratio of 1.16 (95% confidence interval: 1.02–1.33, p = .027) per kg increase in genetically predicted VAT. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that there is a significant association between VAT and PD and that VAT could be a potential causal factor in PD risk. Our results also suggest that although there is a potential link between VAT levels and PD risk, the effect size is modest. Therefore, interventions designed to reduce VAT levels should not be considered a primary strategy for PD risk reduction but could be one of many strategies used in a comprehensive approach to PD risk management.