Pre‐sodiation Technologies

Pre-metallation techniques are recognized as indispensable processes for electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems, which can effectively compensate for the irreversible capacity loss caused by the formation of solid electrolyte interface (SEI) film on the anode side. Moreover, the working voltage of full configuration can be raised, thereby elevating the energy density. Currently, various pre-metallation methods have been successfully exploited, and each strategy possesses the corresponding unique mechanism, acting as vital parts in EES systems. In this section, the concepts and progress of pre-metallation strategies have been clearly clarified. Diverse pre-metallation approaches are comprehensively analyzed, and the specific advantages/disadvantages have been summarized in detail. Inspired by other pre-metallation approaches, the dramatic progress of pre-sodiation tactics has been witnessed. Importantly, the evolution and development guidelines of pre-sodiation strategies have been offered systematically, which sheds light to propel the commercialization process of sodium-ion capacitors.