P2 ‐type Na x TmO 2 oxides as cathodes for non‐aqueous sodium‐ion batteries—Structural evolution and commercial prospects

International Journal of Energy ResearchVolume 46, Issue 15 p. 21894-21927 SPECIAL ISSUE REVIEW PAPER P2-type NaxTmO2 oxides as cathodes for non-aqueous sodium-ion batteries—Structural evolution and commercial prospects Debanjana Pahari, Debanjana Pahari orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-1336 School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India Research Institute for Sustainable Energy, TCG Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology, Kolkata, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAnanya Kumar, Ananya Kumar orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-902X School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDhrubajyoti Das, Dhrubajyoti Das orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-3807 School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSreeraj Puravankara, Corresponding Author Sreeraj Puravankara [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-0148 School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India Correspondence Sreeraj Puravankara, School of Energy Science & Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author Debanjana Pahari, Debanjana Pahari orcid.org/0000-0003-4370-1336 School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India Research Institute for Sustainable Energy, TCG Centres for Research and Education in Science and Technology, Kolkata, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorAnanya Kumar, Ananya Kumar orcid.org/0000-0003-3472-902X School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorDhrubajyoti Das, Dhrubajyoti Das orcid.org/0000-0001-6435-3807 School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, IndiaSearch for more papers by this authorSreeraj Puravankara, Corresponding Author Sreeraj Puravankara [email protected] orcid.org/0000-0002-9238-0148 School of Energy Science & Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India Correspondence Sreeraj Puravankara, School of Energy Science & Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this author First published: 15 August 2022 https://doi.org/10.1002/er.8543 Funding information: Early Career Research, Grant/Award Number: ECR/2016/00 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Summary First-generation sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are commercially launched by Faradion Ltd., UK, and HiNa Battery Technology Company Ltd., China, utilizing the transition metal oxide-based cathodes. Currently, the commercial Faradion cells deliver ~1000 cycles at an energy density of ~140 to 150 Wh kg−1, whereas HiNa SIB cells deliver ~120 Wh kg−1. P2-type, O3-type, and composite P-O and P-P type transition metal oxide cathodes have generated much interest in the last few years. P2-type layered oxides are critical as cathodes in achieving higher energy and power density in SIB technology, along with better C-rate capabilities. Compared to their O3-type counterparts, P2-type layered transition metal oxides encounter lower activation energy barriers, enabling improved rate kinetics. However, P2-type cathodes often face poor cycle stability due to undesirable phase changes during charge-discharge cycles and structural instability to air and moisture. This review evaluates all the P2-type layered oxide compounds as SIB cathodes, highlighting the strategies followed to meet the challenges and offers aspects of their successful commercialization. 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