A novel therapeutic approach to modulate the inflammatory cascade: A timely exogenous local inflammatory response attenuates the sepsis-induced cytokine storm

The emergence of severe sepsis is contingent upon the occurrence of a cytokine storm (CS), a multifaceted process intricately entwined with the temporal dimension, thereby rendering the infection response remarkably intricate. Consequently, it becomes imperative to discern and accurately identify the optimal timing for interventions, predicated upon the dynamic timeline of inflammatory changes. Moreover, the administration of exogenous low-dose pro-inflammatory agents has exhibited the potential to impede the relentless progression of the inflammatory cascade. Hence, the present study aims to scrutinize the impact of exogenous Local Inflammatory Response (eLIR) on the body surface in the context of the inflammatory cascade during sepsis, within a temporal framework, with a particular emphasis on the point of exacerbation of inflammation. Rats were induced sterile sepsis by intraperitoneal injection of zymosan (ZY) at an appropriate dosage. The temporal progression of inflammatory changes and eLIR effects were described based on the trend of serum crucial inflammatory cytokines, tring to quest time-point of inflammatory aggravation in sepsis. Then, the varying degrees of surface inflammation caused by eLIR on this time point leading to the final effects on the inflammatory cascade response were explored. In addition, given the authentic pathological progression of sepsis, further observation was conducted on the impact of another intervention timing of eLIR on the inflammatory cascade. The survival rate was measured. Serum and organ related inflammatory cytokines were detected, and organ histopathology was investigated. In present study, a dosage of 600 mg/kg ZY was found to be optimal for the sterile sepsis model. Initiating eLIR 6 h prior to ZY injection, the maximum effect point of eLIR could be precisely align with the inflammatory aggravation point of sterile sepsis. Initiating eLIR at this time, 3 sessions of eLIR were found to be more effective than 1 or 2 sessions in mitigating inflammatory responses during the initial stage of inflammation and the peak of inflammation. Notably, the findings also suggested that this intervention improve survival rate. In addition, the anti-inflammatory efficacy has been substantially diminished by the prompt initiation of 3 sessions of eLIR immediately after ZY injection at the onset of sepsis. Similarly, the current findings did not demonstrate a statistically significant enhancement in survival rates with eLIR at this time point. Compared with the initial stage of inflammation, low-scale inflammation caused by a certain intensity of eLIR (3 sessions) on the body surface can more effectively pry the inflammation aggravation time-point, thereby shifting the pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory milieu, impeding the disproportionate cytokines release in inflammatory diseases, slowing down the inflammatory cascade, and improving the survival rate of sepsis.