免疫疗法
肿瘤微环境
免疫原性
癌症研究
小胶质细胞
胶质母细胞瘤
免疫系统
PD-L1
医学
免疫组织化学
脑瘤
表型
生物
免疫学
病理
炎症
基因
生物化学
作者
Giuseppe Broggi,Giuseppe Angelico,Jessica Farina,Giordana Tinnirello,Valeria Barresi,Magda Zanelli,Andrea Palicelli,Francesco Certo,Giuseppe Barbagallo,Gaetano Magro,Rosario Caltabiano
标识
DOI:10.1016/j.prp.2024.155144
摘要
Although novel knowledge has been acquired on the molecular landscape of glioblastoma (GBM), a relatively few steps forward have been made regarding its therapy. With the increasing use of novel immunotherapeutic drugs capable of stimulating the antitumor inflammatory response, in the last decades numerous studies aimed to characterize the tumor-associated microenvironment (TME) and its relationship with the immunogenicity of GBM. In this regard, although the tumor-associated microglia and macrophages (TAMs) and PD-L1/PD-1 axis have been emerged as one of the most relevant components of the GBM TME and one of the potential molecular pathways targetable with immunotherapy, respectively. It has been supposed that TAMs may acquire different phenotypes, switching from M1 to M2 phenotypes, with tumor-suppressive and tumor-stimulating role depending on the different surrounding conditions. PD-L1 is a type 1 transmembrane protein ligand expressed by T-cells, B-cells and antigen-presenting cells, with a main inhibitory checkpoint role on tumor immune regulation. While PD-L1 immunohistochemical expression has been extensively investigated in many cancers, its usefulness in the evaluation of GBM response rates to immunotherapy and its standardized evaluation by immunohistochemistry are still debated. The present review paper focuses on the current “state of the art” about the relationship between TME, PD-L1/PD-1 pathway and immunotherapy in GBM, also providing neuropathologists with an updated guide about the clinical trials conducted with PD-L1 and PD-1 inhibitors.
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