Clinical Characteristics of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Children Tested by Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra

The Xpert MTB/rifampicin Ultra (Xpert Ultra) assay improves the early diagnosis of active tuberculosis (TB) in children. Clinical evaluation is paramount for the interpretation of any positive Xpert Ultra test, especially those with low quantities of DNA.In this study, 391 children with suspected TB who were tested with Xpert Ultra were enrolled. The clinical characteristics and Xpert Ultra results were further analyzed.The sensitivity and specificity of Xpert Ultra were 45.0% (149/331) and 96.7% (58/60), respectively. Children with higher semiquantitative scales of Xpert Ultra showed higher percentages of a positive MTB culture, positive acid-fast bacilli staining, severe type of disease, fever, cough and expectoration, a higher white blood cell count and higher C-reactive protein concentrations (all P < 0.01). Among 44 children with an Xpert Ultra trace result, there were no differences in clinical characteristics between confirmed cases and unconfirmed TB cases.The prevalence of trace is relatively high and can be considered positive in paucibacillary children. Clinical presentations are associated with bacterial load quantified by Xpert Ultra. The interpretation of Xpert Ultra trace results based on clinical information is important for the diagnosis of TB.