3D-Printed PCL Scaffolds Loaded with bFGF and BMSCs Enhance Tendon–Bone Healing in Rat Rotator Cuff Tears by Immunomodulation and Osteogenesis Promotion

Rotator cuff tears are the most common conditions in sports medicine and attract increasing attention. Scar tissue healing at the tendon-bone interface results in a high rate of retears, making it a major challenge to enhance the healing of the rotator cuff tendon-bone interface. Biomaterials currently employed for tendon-bone healing in rotator cuff tears still exhibit limited efficacy. As a promising technology, 3D printing enables the customization of scaffold shapes and properties. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have multidifferentiation potential and valuable immunomodulatory effects. The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), known for its role in proliferation, has been reported to promote osteogenesis. These properties make them applicable in tissue engineering. In this study, we developed a 3D-printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold loaded with bFGF and BMSCs (PCLMF) to restore the tendon-bone interface and regulate the local inflammatory microenvironment. The PCLMF scaffolds significantly improved the biomechanical strength, histological score, and local bone mineral density at regenerated entheses at 2 weeks postsurgery and achieved optimal performance at 8 weeks. Furthermore, PCLMF scaffolds facilitated BMSC osteogenic differentiation and suppressed adipogenic differentiation both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, RNA-seq showed that PCLMF scaffolds could regulate macrophage polarization and inflammation through the MAPK pathway. The implanted scaffold demonstrated excellent biocompatibility and biosafety. Therefore, this study proposes a promising and practical strategy for enhancing tendon-bone healing in rotator cuff tears.