Using surface runoff to reveal the mechanisms of landscape patterns driving on various forms of nitrogen in non-point source pollution

Non-point source (NPS) pollution directly threatens river water quality, constrains sustainable economic development, and poses hazards to human health. Comprehension of the impact factors on NPS pollution is essential for scientific river water quality management. Despite the landscape pattern being considered to have a significant impact on NPS pollution, the driving mechanism of landscape patterns on NPS pollution remains unclear. Therefore, this study coupled multi-models including the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), Random Forest, and Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) to construct the connection between landscape patterns, NPS pollution, and surface runoff. The results suggested that increased runoff during the wet season enhances the link between landscape patterns and NPS pollution, and the explained NPS pollution variation by landscape pattern increased from 59.6 % (dry season) to 84.9 % (wet season). Furthermore, from the impact pathways, we find that the sink landscape pattern can significantly and indirectly influence NPS pollution by regulating surface runoff during the wet season (0.301*). Meanwhile, the sink and source landscape patterns significantly and directly impact NPS pollution during different seasons. Moreover, we further find that the percentage of paddy land use (Pad_PLAND) and grassland patch density (Gra_PD) metrics can significantly predict the dissolved total nitrogen (DTN) and nitrate nitrogen (NO