In Situ Graphitization of Bamboo-Derived Carbon and Synergistic Thinning Strategy for Multilayer Graphene Conversion: Bypassing the Graphite Exfoliation Process

Graphene has long been regarded as a potential anode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, in light of the urgent global demand to reduce CO2 emissions, adopting eco-friendly and sustainable methods is imperative. This study presents a cost-effective, streamlined, and environmentally friendly approach for converting bamboo-derived carbon into multilayer graphene (thickness: ∼4.74 nm) through a one-step molten salt electrochemical process. By replacing the graphite anode with a nickel-based alloy during electrolysis, CO2 emissions can be further reduced. Additionally, the use of Na2CO3–K2CO3 molten salt medium facilitates the removal of silica impurities (SiO2 + Na2CO3 = Na2SiO3 + CO2), thereby eliminating the need for additional purification steps. Furthermore, the "Graphitized Synergistic Thinning Strategy" enables one-step graphitization and conversion into multilayer graphene (Na2CO3 + C = 2CO(g) + Na2O), removing the need for exfoliation postgraphitization. In situ Raman analysis demonstrates its excellent electrochemical reversibility, retaining 87% of capacity after 1000 cycles. Additionally, the scalability of multilayer graphene conversion has been further explored, providing a pathway for the large-scale, low-cost, streamlined, and sustainable conversion of biomass-derived carbon into multilayer graphene anodes.