Pseudo Two-Dimensional Model for the Design of Fast-Charging Lithium-Ion Battery Electrodes

The demand for fast-charging lithium-ion batteries challenges traditional graphite anodes due to potential lithium plating risk. Phosphorus-based anodes offer a high theoretical capacity and better lithiation kinetics, potentially minimizing this risk. However, systematic studies on their lithium plating behavior and electrode design are lacking. We developed a pseudo two-dimensional model to assess how design parameters affect lithium plating in these anodes. Our findings suggest that phosphorus-based anodes allow safer electrode designs for fast charging than graphite. Increased areal capacity does not increase the lithium plating risk, which only occurs under very low porosity (<0.2) or larger particle sizes (>3.5 μm). The lithiation voltage curve slope increases with the charging rate, enabling the full cell to reach cutoff voltage quickly, preventing lithium deposition on the anode. These insights aid in creating fast-charging batteries with phosphorus-based anodes.