MAIT cells are chronically activated in patients with autoimmune liver disease and promote profibrogenic hepatic stellate cell activation

Autoimmune liver diseases (AILDs) are chronic liver pathologies characterized by fibrosis and cirrhosis due to immune‐mediated liver damage. In this study, we addressed the question whether mucosal‐associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, innate‐like T cells, are functionally altered in patients with AILD and whether MAIT cells can promote liver fibrosis through activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). We analyzed the phenotype and function of MAIT cells from AILD patients and healthy controls by multicolor flow cytometry and investigated the interaction between human MAIT cells and primary human hepatic stellate cells (hHSCs). We show that MAIT cells are significantly decreased in peripheral blood and liver tissue of patients with AILD. Notably, MAIT cell frequency tended to decrease with increasing fibrosis stage. MAIT cells from AILD patients showed signs of exhaustion, such as impaired interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) production and high ex vivo expression of the activation and exhaustion markers CD38, HLA‐DR, and CTLA‐4. Mechanistically, this exhausted state could be induced by repetitive stimulation of MAIT cells with the cytokines interleukin (IL)‐12 and IL‐18, leading to decreased IFN‐γ and increased exhaustion marker expression. Of note, repetitive stimulation with IL‐12 further resulted in expression of the profibrogenic cytokine IL‐17A by otherwise exhausted MAIT cells. Accordingly, MAIT cells from both healthy controls and AILD patients were able to induce an activated, proinflammatory and profibrogenic phenotype in hHSCs in vitro that was partly mediated by IL‐17. Conclusion: Our data provide evidence that MAIT cells in AILD patients have evolved towards an exhausted, profibrogenic phenotype and can contribute to the development of HSC‐mediated liver fibrosis. These findings reveal a cellular and molecular pathway for fibrosis development in AILD that could be exploited for antifibrotic therapy. (H epatology 2018;68:172‐186).