Pull-out resistance of geogrid reinforcements

Testing equipment, specimen preparation and testing procedures are presented for load-controlled and displacement-rate-controlled pull-out tests for geosynthetic reinforcements in granular soils. The influence of the test type, confining pressure, soil density, boundary conditions, and geotextile characteristics on pull-out load-displacement response of selected geogrids embedded in sand are evaluated. Implications for testing procedure and analysis are discussed.