Nanoporous surface alloys as highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts

It is of critical importance to design and fabricate highly active and durable oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts for the application of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). By a simple two-step dealloying process, the active components in a Pt/Ni/Al ternary alloy were sequentially leached out in a highly controllable manner, generating a novel nanoporous surface alloy structure. Characterized by an open bicontinuous spongy morphology, the resulting nanostructure is interconnected by ∼3 nm diameter ligaments which are comprised of a Pt/Ni alloy core and a nearly pure Pt surface. In the absence of any catalyst support, these nanoporous surface alloys show much enhanced durability and electrocatalytic activity for ORR as compared to the commercial Pt/C catalyst. At a high potential, such as 0.9 V versusRHE, nanoporous Pt/Ni surface alloys show a remarkable specific activity of 1.23 mA cm−2. These nanomaterials thus hold great potential as cathode catalysts in PEMFCs in terms of facile preparation, clean catalyst surface, and enhanced ORR activity and durability.