Received-Signal-Strength (RSS) Based 3D Visible-Light-Positioning (VLP) System Using Kernel Ridge Regression Machine Learning Algorithm With Sigmoid Function Data Preprocessing Method

In this work, we propose and demonstrate a received-signal-strength (RSS) based visiblelight-positioning (VLP) system using sigmoid function data preprocessing (SFDP) method; and apply it to two types of regression based machine learning algorithms; including the second-order linear regression machine learning (LRML) algorithm, and the kernel ridge regression machine learning (KRRML) algorithm.Experimental results indicate that the use of SFDP method can significantly improve the positioning accuracies in both the LRML and KRRML algorithms.Besides, the SFDP with KRRML scheme outperforms the other three schemes in terms of position accuracy, with the experimental average positioning error of about 2 cm in both horizontal and vertical directions.