Combining steady-state with frequency and time domain data to quantitatively analyze charge transport in organic light-emitting diodes

Typically, organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are characterized only in steady-state to determine and optimize their efficiency. Adding further electro-optical measurement techniques in frequency and time domain helps to analyze charge carrier and exciton dynamics and provides deeper insights into the device physics. We, therefore, first present an overview of frequently used OLED measurement techniques and analytical models. A multilayer OLED with a sky-blue thermally activated delayed fluorescent dopant material is employed in this study without loss of generality. Combining the measurements with a full device simulation allows one to determine specific material parameters such as the charge carrier mobilities of all the layers. The main part of this tutorial focuses on how to systematically fit the measured OLED characteristics with microscopic device simulations based on a charge drift-diffusion and exciton migration model in 1D. Finally, we analyze the correlation and sensitivity of the determined material parameters and use the obtained device model to understand limitations of the specific OLED device.