Heart Failure and Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Current therapeutic options for advanced heart failure (HF) are limited and the development of alternative therapies for this critical clinical condition is eagerly awaited. Cell therapy offers a promising new alternative for HF treatment, with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in adipose tissue considered one of the most promising cell types for HF cell therapy. However, MSCs in adipose tissue are a major source of adipocyte generation and obesity is known as an independent risk factor for HF, while MSCs might be related to the enigmatic obesity paradox. Emerging evidence suggests an important link between MSC–adipogenesis–obesity and HF. The therapeutic efficacy of adipose MSCs in clinical trials has not been established; however, preconditioning or genetic modification to improve the therapeutic effects of MSCs showed encouraging results. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising cell type for the treatment of heart failure (HF). In particular, MSCs in adipose tissue are being evaluated as an effective therapeutic tool. However, adipose MSCs are a major source of adipocyte generation and linked to obesity, which is an independent risk factor for HF. MSCs express all of the components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of HF. The local RAS also regulates MSC adipogenesis, indicating a connection between MSC–adipogenesis–obesity and HF. This review examines evidence of the complex relationship between HF and adipose MSCs and discusses how to explore this association for favorable therapeutic outcomes for HF. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are considered a promising cell type for the treatment of heart failure (HF). In particular, MSCs in adipose tissue are being evaluated as an effective therapeutic tool. However, adipose MSCs are a major source of adipocyte generation and linked to obesity, which is an independent risk factor for HF. MSCs express all of the components of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of HF. The local RAS also regulates MSC adipogenesis, indicating a connection between MSC–adipogenesis–obesity and HF. This review examines evidence of the complex relationship between HF and adipose MSCs and discusses how to explore this association for favorable therapeutic outcomes for HF. derived from different individuals of the same species. a form of genetically regulated programmed cell death. This type of cell death is used to remove unneeded or abnormal cells and contributes to an organism's natural growth and development. derived from the same individual. In other words, it is a situation in which the donor and recipient are the same individual. surgery on the stomach and/or intestine to aid weight loss by (i) reducing stomach volume so that patients feel full while consuming less food and/or (ii) modifying the digestive system, including the secretions and actions of gut peptides, to reduce the absorption of food. spent medium in which cells have been cultured and that contains factors secreted by those cells. a state of vulnerability resulting from poor resolution of homoeostasis following a stressor event; it is one of the most problematic characteristics of an aging population. the process of changing an organism's genes to introduce particular traits. It might involve silencing a gene or inserting a foreign gene into an organism's genome. HF with LVEF ≥50%. a clinical indicator of LV systolic function of the heart, calculated by the following formula: LVEF = [(LV end diastolic volume − LV end systolic volume) /LV end diastolic volume] × 100 (%). small noncoding RNAs involved in the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. the observation that although obesity is a major risk factor in the development of several diseases, when such diseases occur, obesity is associated with improved survival. the effects of factors secreted from one cell on neighboring cells, which alter the functioning of those cells. In contrast to endocrine factors, which travel long distances through the circulatory system, paracrine factors travel to nearby cells and act locally. a technique of exposing the target to stimuli to confer some effect on a subsequent event. a key hormonal system in the physiological regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance, which plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of HF.