Green roofs sown with an annual plant mix attain high cover and functional diversity regardless of irrigation frequency

Annual plant species have great potential on green roofs as many are highly attractive, fast and cheap to establish via sowing and can provide rapid cover and growth, which is important for ecosystem service provision. While irrigation is essential for survival and growth of annual plants in seasonally hot or dry climates, it is also important to minimize water use as availability is often limited. Therefore, we evaluated how irrigation frequency affects plant cover, species abundance, richness and diversity, plant traits and functional diversity of a 16 species mixture of Australian annual species (4 g m−2 ~ 2100 seeds m−2) sown onto thirty 0.25 m2 green roof modules. The experiment was carried out in Melbourne, Australia, from January (summer) to July (winter) 2020. After a 2-month irrigated establishment phase (to ensure germination and seedling establishment), three irrigation treatments (2, 4 and 6 days between irrigation) were applied to the modules for three months. Plant cover was reduced at lower irrigation frequency (6 days), but ≥ 80% plant cover was achieved in all irrigation treatments. There was no effect of irrigation frequency on species abundance and richness; however, abundance, richness and diversity reduced over time, likely due to competition effects. Plant height and leaf area were also reduced by lower irrigation frequency. At the community level, functional diversity was unaffected by irrigation frequency. Our results indicate that green roofs sown with a mixture of annual plants can achieve good plant coverage, as recommended by green roof guidelines, and maintain high diversity when minimally irrigated in their first growing season.