Arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus contributes to the hypophagic effect and plasma metabolic changes induced by vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide

The arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus (ARC) integrates circulating factors that signal energy status. The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are widely distributed in the periphery and central nervous systems (CNS) and play important roles on energy balance. The present study aimed to investigate the responses of microinjection of VIP and PACAP in the ARC on metabolic changes and food intake. In addition, the activity of neurons in the ARC following intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of these peptides was also evaluated. Microinjection of VIP or PACAP in the ARC decreased fasting-induced hyperphagia and food intake, decreased total lipids, and increased free fatty acids plasma concentrations. VIP microinjection in the ARC induced hyperglycemia and decreased total cholesterol level; and PACAP reduced triglycerides concentration. ICV microinjection of VIP and PACAP enhanced neuronal activation in the ARC, associated with lower fasting-induced hyperphagia and plasma metabolic changes (only VIP). These results suggest that VIP and PACAP play important roles in ARC, inducing hypophagia and peripheral metabolic changes, as hyperglycemia, increased free fatty acids and decreased total lipids plasma levels.