Removal and recovery of vanadium from waste by chemical precipitation, adsorption, solvent extraction, remediation, photo-catalyst reduction and membrane filtration. A review

At low concentrations, vanadium is essential for cell growth, yet vanadium is harmful to human beings, animals and plants at high concentrations. Therefore, vanadium should be removed from wastewater and solid waste to avoid pollution and to recycle vanadium in the context of the circular economy. Here we review aqueous vanadium species and techniques to remove vanadium such as adsorption, remediation, chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, photo-catalyst reduction and membrane filtration.