Electroanalytical methods based on bimetallic nanomaterials for determination of pesticides: Past, present, and future

The excessive use of pesticides in agricultural or non-agricultural fields causes the emergence of environmental and human health problems. Therefore, there is a need to develop simple, fast, sensitive, selective, and low-cost methods for analyzing pesticides from different matrices. Although many analysis methods have been developed to determine pesticides, nanomaterial-based electroanalytical methods offer numerous advantages such as rapid and low cost of analysis, low sample volume requirement, field deployability, and miniaturization to improve the performance of the developed methods. Among different nanomaterials, bimetallic nanomaterials such as gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, and iron-based nanomaterials in combination with other metals have been extensively used as electrode modification agents due to their electrocatalytic characteristics and the synergistic effect of two metals. In this review, firstly, the basic information of pesticides and bimetallic nanomaterials was summarized. Properties, synthesize, and architectures of bimetallic nanomaterials and their nanocomposites were explained in detail. Current applications and utilization of bimetallic nanomaterials for pesticides detection were reviewed by selected studies with working range, the limit of detection, sensitivity, analytical application, and some experimental conditions. In conclusion, the current challenges and future trends for analyzing pesticides based on electroanalytical methods combined with bimetallic nanomaterials were highlighted.