Pectin Biosynthesis: GALS1 in Arabidopsis thaliana Is a β-1,4-Galactan β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase

半乳糖 生物化学 细胞壁 果胶 拟南芥 糖基转移酶 生物 半乳糖基转移酶 突变体 多糖 拟南芥 阿拉伯半乳聚糖 生物合成 基因
作者
April Jennifer Madrid Liwanag,Berit Ebert,Yves Verhertbruggen,Emilie A. Rennie,Carsten Rautengarten,Ai Oikawa,Mathias C. F. Andersen,Mads H. Clausen,Henrik Vibe Scheller
出处
期刊:The Plant Cell [Oxford University Press]
卷期号:24 (12): 5024-5036 被引量:126
标识
DOI:10.1105/tpc.112.106625
摘要

Abstract β-1,4-Galactans are abundant polysaccharides in plant cell walls, which are generally found as side chains of rhamnogalacturonan I. Rhamnogalacturonan I is a major component of pectin with a backbone of alternating rhamnose and galacturonic acid residues and side chains that include α-1,5-arabinans, β-1,4-galactans, and arabinogalactans. Many enzymes are required to synthesize pectin, but few have been identified. Pectin is most abundant in primary walls of expanding cells, but β-1,4-galactan is relatively abundant in secondary walls, especially in tension wood that forms in response to mechanical stress. We investigated enzymes in glycosyltransferase family GT92, which has three members in Arabidopsis thaliana, which we designated GALACTAN SYNTHASE1, (GALS1), GALS2 and GALS3. Loss-of-function mutants in the corresponding genes had a decreased β-1,4-galactan content, and overexpression of GALS1 resulted in plants with 50% higher β-1,4-galactan content. The plants did not have an obvious growth phenotype. Heterologously expressed and affinity-purified GALS1 could transfer Gal residues from UDP-Gal onto β-1,4-galactopentaose. GALS1 specifically formed β-1,4-galactosyl linkages and could add successive β-1,4-galactosyl residues to the acceptor. These observations confirm the identity of the GT92 enzyme as β-1,4-galactan synthase. The identification of this enzyme could provide an important tool for engineering plants with improved bioenergy properties.
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