Using nanomaterials to facilitate the phytoremediation of contaminated soil

Soil pollution has been an environmental problem drawing worldwide attention. Phytoremediation is a good and highly accepted method for treating contaminated soil. Numerous studies have been performed to enhance the phytoremediation efficiency by various approaches. The development of nanotechnology provides an effective alternative method. This article reviews recent advances in using nanomaterials to facilitate the phytoremediation of contaminated soil. Nanomaterials can function in the phytoremediation system through directly removing pollutants, promoting plant growth, and increasing pollutant phytoavailability. Phytoextraction is the most effective and recognized phytoremediation strategy for remedying contaminated soil. Nanoscale zero-valent iron is the most studied nanomaterials for facilitating the phytoremediation due to its successful engineering applications in treating contaminated soil and groundwater. Fullerene nanoparticles can increase the phytoavailability of pollutant. In general, using nanomaterials to facilitate the phytoremediation of contaminated soil can be an effective strategy, but it is still in the phase of exploration and attempt. The experience from more application cases is required and the long-term performance of nanomaterials in phytoremediation systems needs further research.