Soft and stretchable electrochemical biosensors

Soft and stretchable biosensors have recently gained considerable attention owing to their unique capability of seamless integration with the intrinsically soft and curvilinear biological tissues for wearable/implantable health monitoring remotely. In this review, we aim to focus on surveying the recent achievements in monitoring key biological health vital markers including glucose, lactate, and cationic ions by electrochemical means. First, we discuss the soft and stretchable electrochemical electrodes (namely working, counter, and reference electrodes) from the perspectives of materials and design strategies. Then, we cover viable detection methods and modalities used in soft and stretchable biosensing systems. This is followed by description of the exciting applications of soft electrochemical biosensing systems in non-intrusive personal healthcare monitoring and in real-time monitoring of cells and tissues. This review concludes by the discussion of the challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives of soft and stretchable electrochemical biosensors.