In this paper, the fluid pressure responses of the hydraulic composite pipe subjected to an axial random vibration are investigated. First, the motion equations under an axial random vibration are established, considering the fluid–structure interaction. Second, the characteristic line and the pseudo-excitation methods for random vibration are employed to solve the hydraulic composite pipe dynamic characteristics. Finally, the influence laws of the fluid velocity and pressure, the external excitation, and the structure parameters are analyzed. The results demonstrate that the analytical method is beneficial to analyze the hydraulic composite pipe subjected to an axial random vibration, which can reduce vibration and improve efficiency.