Research on the thermal behavior of medium-temperature phase change materials and factors influencing the thermal performance based on a vertical shell-and-tube latent heat storage system

Medium-and-high temperature latent heat storage systems have been developed to address challenges related to exhaust heat utilization and energy peak regulation in the field of energy engineering. However, there is still a lack of understanding regarding the thermal behavior of medium-and-high temperature phase change materials within heat exchangers and the factors influencing the system's thermal characteristics. Therefore, this study designed and constructed a new medium-temperature (300 °C) latent heat storage system with spiral-finned heat exchanger tubes. It uses 260 kg of medium-temperature phase change material for 68.3 MJ energy storage over 2 h. The system's response to variations in the inlet temperature and flow rate of the heat transfer fluid is investigated using thermocouples and visualization windows and provides recommendations for operating parameters. Results show natural convection as the primary heat transfer mechanism in the charging process, leading to temperature stratification in the tank (the upper has a higher temperature than the lower part). In contrast, heat conduction dominates heat transfer during discharging, resulting in a more uniform temperature distribution in vertical latent heat storage systems. Besides, inlet parameters significantly influence the system. Increasing storage temperature by 20 °C or flow rate by 20 L/min reduces storage time by 33.5 % and 54.0 %, respectively. In contrast, during the exothermic stage, heat conduction dominates with a more uniform temperature distribution. Optimal conditions are found at 280–150 °C, 15 L/min, achieving an input of 84 MJ and output of 50.25 MJ over 200 min, with a cycle efficiency of approximately 59.82 %.