Allogeneic Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Transplantation Induces Dentin Pulp Complex-like Formation in Immature Teeth with Pulp Necrosis and Apical Periodontitis

Introduction Dental pulp regeneration is challenging in endodontics. Cellular therapy is an alternative approach to induce dental pulp regeneration. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have the capacity to induce dental pulp-like tissue formation. In this study, we evaluate the capacity of allogeneic bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) to regenerate pulp following necrosis and apical periodontitis in children’s permanent immature apex teeth. Methods Patients aged 8-12 years with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis were evaluated. The study included 15 teeth (13 incisors and 2 molars) from 14 patients (8 males and 6 females). Radiographic evaluation showed periapical radiolucency and immature apex teeth. There was no response to cold or electric pulp testing. The root canal of each tooth was cleaned, shaped and Ca(OH)2 used as an interappointment medication. Cryopreserved allogeneic BM-MSCs were thawed, expanded, incorporated into pre-clotted platelet-rich plasma and implanted into the tooth’s pulp cavity. They were sealed with bioceramic cement and composite. Sensibility, apical foramen, calcium deposits within the root canal, and resolution of periapical lesions were evaluated in each tooth over the following 12 months. Results Based on nine variables established for dental pulp-like tissue regeneration, all MSCs treated teeth showed evidence of successful regeneration. Clinical and radiographic evaluation of the treated teeth showed periapical lesion healing, sensitivity to cold and electricity, decreased width of the apical foramen, and mineralization within the canal space. Conclusions Transplantation of allogeneic MSCs induces the formation of dental pulp-like tissue in permanent immature apex teeth with pulp necrosis and apical periodontitis. MSCs implant constitutes a potential therapy in regenerative endodontics in pediatric dentistry. Future studies incorporating a larger sample size may confirm these results.